Bencana yang Terus Berulang: Saatnya Mengubah Paradigma Pembangunan Berbasis Risiko

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest disaster risk in the world. Its geographical location at the convergence of three major tectonic plates and within the Pacific Ring of Fire makes the country highly vulnerable to geological disasters. At the same time, climate change, rapid urbanization, and environmental degradation have increased the frequency and intensity of hydrometeorological disasters (World Bank, 2021; UNDRR, 2019). According to data from the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), between 1 January and 13 February 2026, Indonesia experienced 342 disaster events, of which 98.83% were hydrometeorological disasters, including floods, extreme weather events, forest and land fires, and landslides. Floods accounted for the largest number of incidents (179 events), followed by extreme weather (81), forest and land fires (39), and landslides (33). These disasters affected or displaced approximately 1.56 million people, resulted in 155 fatalities, and caused extensive damage to thousands of houses and public facilities (BNPB, 2026).

Paradoxically, the high frequency and severe impacts of disasters persist despite Indonesia having a relatively robust regulatory framework, ranging from Law No. 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management to various spatial planning instruments. This situation raises a fundamental question: why does disaster risk remain persistently high even though the country's disaster management capacity has continued to improve?